PROPRIOCEPTION

What is proprioception?

Proprioception is a specialized variation of the sensory modality of touch that encompasses the sensation of joint movement (kinesthesia) and joint position (joint position sense).  If we simplify it than proprioception is the the sensation which make us aware about our joint position in space. For example, with closed eye also you can be aware that your elbow is bend or your fingers are open etc.  

What structures are responsible for these sensations?

The sensory receptors for proprioception that are found in the skin, muscles, and joints as well as in ligaments and tendons all provide input to the central nervous system (CNS) regarding tissue deformation. Visual (Eyes) and vestibular centers (Ear) also contribute afferent information to the CNS regarding body position and balance.

What happens in case of injury?

Trauma to tissues that contain mechanoreceptors may result in partial de-afferentation (Massage cannot be send to brain properly), which can lead to proprioceptive deficits. And it can make us susceptible to re-injury.  Therefore Regaining neuromuscular control after injury or surgery is a necessary prerequisite for athletes wishing to return to competition. The neural input that is provided by the peripheral mechanoreceptors as well as the visual and vestibular receptors are all integrated by the CNS to generate a motor response.  As defined earlier, proprioceptive feedback plays a major role in the conscious and unconscious awareness of a joint or limb in motion.